Personalization
Creating patient profiles and customizing digital health solutions based on individual needs and preferences.
Profiling
CONSIDERATIONS
- Careful patient selection for DH use;
- Assess specific metrics (e.g., sociodemographic characteristics, basic health status, individual preferences, habits);
- Create an accurate patient profile.
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Tailoring
CONSIDERATIONS
- Provide personalized information, tailored intervention content, and customized feedback (e.g., predicted possible causes and consequences of a health problem and advice on the behavior under investigation);
- Tailor the content to the user’s needs and preferences;
- Tailor images, colors, text quantity, and font size and color to what users find appealing;
- Tailor multiple variables rather than a single variable;
- Align with end users’ habitual routines.
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Autonomy
CONSIDERATIONS
- Choose desirable and accessible forms of delivery;
- Choose when and how to receive reminders;
- Select or change personalized goals for future use throughout the time span of intervention;
- Select preferred styles (e.g., color, font).
Information
Information source, language, presentation, content, and architecture.
Content
CONSIDERATIONS
- Provide comprehensive health information (e.g., medical history, test results, and medication information);
- Provide appropriate education and training on health condition;
- Provide concise information (not overwhelm);
- Provide evidence-based information from credible source (e.g., no advertisements, validated advice);
- Appropriate encryption and DH security (e.g., passwords setting, privacy policy).
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Communication
CONSIDERATIONS
- Provide peer-to-peer communication through online forums, communities, by instant messages;
- Access to professionals directly via email, text message, or live chat;
- Share duties between healthcare staff.
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Functionality
CONSIDERATIONS
- Rewards (e.g., material incentives, intangible rewards, messages of congratulations when a task is completed);
- Reminders (e.g., email messages, text messages, words of the day, and pop-ups) for task completion;
- Reflective feedback, persuasive features, gaming features (e.g., knowledge quizzes and games);
- Functional characteristics enable accurate and continuous self-management (e.g., activity planning, activity tracking, self-monitoring, and diaries), person-centered care, and sustained behavior change;
- Appropriate dose of treatment.
Navigation
The interactive, delivered, and instructional elements of digital health.
Forms of Delivery
CONSIDERATIONS
- Readily accessible and downloadable;
- Improve DHI delivery (e.g., change from a website to a mobile phone application);
- Ability to print and email the information.
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User flows
CONSIDERATIONS
- Minimum input (e.g., voice commands);
- Efficient access to information;
- Clarify what to do next;
- Provide search bar and menu bar;
- Tools and aids to help understand health information and complete health tasks.
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Instruction and tutorials
CONSIDERATIONS
- Guide users to a greater extent if the design is not self-explanatory;
- Provide more concrete, explicit and context-sensitive instructions (e.g., a virtual guided tour, extra internal links);
- Adopt features from common (i.e., familiarized) user interfaces (e.g., the iPhone-interface);
- Provide appropriate education and training on DH use.
Visualization
Aesthetics, attractiveness, visibility, and consistency of digital health appearance and interface.
Message Presentation
CONSIDERATIONS
- Visualize continuous monitoring data (e.g., present data as graphs and tables);
- Provide a coherent presentation in terms of colors, pictures, and themes;
- Simple nontechnical language;
- Straightforward and concise text;
- Comprehensive descriptions of actionable message;
- Provide positive, non-authoritarian, friendly, and nonjudgmental tone of voice;
- Multimedia messages (e.g., text combined with relevant pictures or video);
- Highlight information by using various font styles, sizes, and colors.
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Interface Aesthetic
CONSIDERATIONS
- Show graphics (i.e., visual aids) rather than (too much) text;
- Provide a pleasing color scheme (e.g., bright colors);
- Simple interface.
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Co-design, participatory design approaches
Co-design and participatory design: methods that include users in the design process to create products.
Multi-stakeholder
CONSIDERATIONS
- Involve end users and other stakeholders;
- Include the user at the beginning of the design process.
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Inter-disciplinary
CONSIDERATIONS
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An interdisciplinary approach for the development and implementation.
User-centered design, human-centered design approaches
User-centered design and human-centered design: methods that prioritize the needs, preferences, and contexts of end-users.
- UCD places the user at the core of the design and development process.
- HCD encompasses not only the user's needs but also considers the broader impact of the design on society, culture, and the environment.
Need Assessment
CONSIDERATIONS
- Know the needs, capabilities, and environment of users through focus groups, surveys, interviews, and personas;
- Composing, preparing, and organizing contents.
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Usability testing
CONSIDERATIONS
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Gain early feedback from users through prototypes; Benchmark testing, user testing, heuristic analysis, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and observations in other healthcare settings.
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Implementation
CONSIDERATIONS
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Fit the tech to the person, not the person to the tech; Pilot testing, task analysis, and reporting mechanism.
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Monitor and sustain
CONSIDERATIONS
- Understanding work-as-imagined often differs from work-as-done;
- Pre- and post-testing, contextual inquiry, and safety and hazard reporting.
Inclusive design approaches
Inclusive design Include as many people as possible, regardless of their age, ability, gender, cultural background, or any other form of human difference.
Inclusive
CONSIDERATIONS
Provide flexible design to be usable by people with no limitations as well as by people with functional limitations related to disabilities or old ages.