Patient capability

• Identify patients’ knowledge and skill levels by understanding their technology, language, and health literacy;
• Consider their previous experience and current confidence level in using digital health;
• Improve their actual literacy and correct their perceived inability;
• Tailor design to their ability.

Patient opportunity

• Profile patients’ identity (eg, age, gender, economic status, and daily routines) and health status (eg, illness complexity, severity, and stability);
• Consider patients’ accessibility and affordance to digital health;
• Tailor design to their individual opportunity

Patient motivation

• Recognize patients’ mindset and perceived advantages and disadvantages;
• Inform them of the potential benefits of using digital health;
• Address their concerns and worries; understand their expectations and needs;
• Tailor design to their preferences to trigger their motivation.

Intervention technology

• Improve technical usability; 
• Promote ease of use, ready-to-use, and timely feedback on digital health;
• Fit technical features, delivery media, and devices to patients’ preferences and needs.

Intervention functionality

• Strengthen theory-based interventions (eg, behavior change techniques and evidence-based interventions); 
• Improve intervention quality, considering privacy, security, and accuracy issues; 
• Provide regular and continuous social support combining both remote communication and real human contact; 
• Tailor health promotion and intervention structure to patients’ needs and preferences.

Intervention interaction design

• Provide personalized and consistent information, clear tutorials or technical support, and visualize data; 
• Allow patients to choose personalized interactive elements; 
• Follow human or user-centered design, co-design, and inclusive design methods; 
• Involve multi-stakeholders and multi-disciplines in the design process.

Organizational environment

• Reduce equipment or service cost and time; 
• improve health care providers’ professional ability, communication skills, and service attitudes across the use of digital health; 
• increase workflow transparency and clarify accountability; 
• improve system integration and compatibility.

Physical environment

• Provide a familiar, warm, and comfortable environment rather than cold and unfamiliar settings; 
• reduce environmental distractions (eg, background noise or lighting).

Social environment

• Provide adequate support policies and legislation; 
• Develop plausible business cases.